Improving error interface: Begin working on `Box<T>` to allow any `T` to tell if it is owned by a `Box<T>`.

Fortune for libexopt's current commit: Small blessing − 小吉

include/boxed.h

@@ -10,13 +10,14 @@
 #include "exopt.h"
 
 namespace exopt::types { namespace boxed {
+
 	template<typename T>
 	struct [[gnu::visibility("internal")]]  boxable_value_type { using type = std::conditional_t
 			<std::is_reference_v<T>
 			,std::reference_wrapper<std::remove_cvref_t<T> >
 			,T>; };
 
-	namespace {
+	namespace { 
 
 	template<typename T>
 	constexpr std::unique_ptr<T> uniq_clone(std::unique_ptr<T> const& c) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<T>) requires(std::is_copy_constructible_v<T>)
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ namespace exopt::types { namespace boxed {
 		requires(std::is_copy_constructible_v<T>)
 	{ if(__builtin_expect(!bool(c), false)) 
 #ifdef DEBUG
-		throw ptr::NullDerefException<T>{};
+		throw ptr::NullException{}; 
 #else
 		__builtin_unreachable(); 
 #endif
@@ -62,94 +63,6 @@ namespace exopt::types { namespace boxed {
 		{ static_cast<std::decay_t<To> &&>(from) } -> std::convertible_to<To>;
 	};
 
-	/*struct ErasedTypeDeleter { 
-		constexpr virtual ~ErasedTypeDeleter() = default;
-		constexpr ErasedTypeDeleter() noexcept = default;
-
-		constexpr virtual void apply_delete() = 0;
-		//TODO: See below...
-	};*/
-
-	template<polymorphic_castable<void> T>
-	constexpr auto uniq_erase_type(std::unique_ptr<T>&& from) noexcept {
-		struct deleter final /*: public ErasedTypeDeleter XXX <- Is this useful, for unerasing the type, maybe?*/ {
-			typedef T type;
-
-			
-			/*[[gnu::cold, noreturn, gnu::noinline]]
-			constexpr static void _throw() 
-			{
-				throw ptr::NullException{};
-			}
-		public:*/
-			constexpr void opreator()(void *p) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_destructible_v<T>) {
-			/*	T* ptr;
-				if constexpr(DOES_CHECK) {
-				 if(__builtin_expect(!(ptr = dynamic_cast<T*>(p)), false))
-					_throw();
-				} else ptr = static_cast<T*>(p); 
-				delete ptr;*/
-				delete static_cast<T*>(p);
-			}
-			constexpr T* back_cast(void *p) noexcept { return static_cast<T*>(p); }
-			constexpr deleter() noexcept = default;
-			constexpr deleter(deleter const&) noexcept = default;
-			constexpr deleter(deleter &&) noexcept = default;
-			constexpr deleter& operator=(deleter const&) noexcept = default;
-			constexpr deleter& operator=(deleter &&) noexcept = default;
-
-			constexpr ~deleter() noexcept = default;
-		};
-		return std::unique_ptr<void, deleter> {
-			// Cannot retain type information of most-derived class from this: \
-			dynamic_cast<void*>	
-			static_cast<void*>
-			(std::move(from).release())
-			
-		};
-	}
-	template<polymorphic_castable<void> T, typename D> requires(requires{ 
-		typename std::unique_ptr<T, D>;
-		requires(!std::is_same_v<std::unique_ptr<T, D>::deleter_type, std::unique_ptr<T>::deleter_type);
-	})
-	constexpr auto uniq_erase_type(std::unique_ptr<T, D>&& from) noexcept {
-		class deleter final {
-			D m_del;
-		public:
-			constexpr void operator()(void* p) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_invocable_v<D::operator(), T>) {
-				m_del(static_cast<T*>(p));
-			}
-
-			constexpr T* back_cast(void* p) noexcept { return static_cast<T*>(p); }
-
-			constexpr deleter(D&& deleter) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<D>)
-				: m_del(std::move(deleter)) {}
-
-			constexpr deleter() noexcept(std::is_nothrow_default_constructible_v<D>) requires(std::is_default_constructible_v<D>) =default;//: m_del() {}
-
-			constexpr deleter(const deleter&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<D>) = default;
-			constexpr deleter(deleter&&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<D>) = default;
-
-			constexpr deleter& operator=(const deleter&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_copy_assignable_v<D>) = default;
-			constexpr deleter& operator=(deleter&&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<D>) = default;
-
-			constexpr ~deleter() noexcept(std::is_nothrow_destructible_v<D>) requires(std::is_trivially_destructible_v<D>) = default;
-			constexpr ~deleter() noexcept(std::is_nothrow_destructible_v<D>) {}
-		};
-		if constexpr(std::is_default_constructible_v<D>)
-			return std::unique_ptr<void, deleter> {
-				static_cast<void*>
-				(std::move(from).release()), deleter()
-			};
-		else {
-			deleter&& del{std::move(from.get_deleter())};
-			return std::unique_ptr<void, deleter> {
-				static_cast<void*>
-				(std::move(from).release()), deleter{std::move(del)}
-			};
-		}
-	}
-
 	template<typename To, typename From> requires(polymorphic_castable<From, To>)
 	constexpr std::unique_ptr<To> static_uniq_cast(std::unique_ptr<From>&& from) noexcept
 	{
@@ -173,8 +86,25 @@ namespace exopt::types { namespace boxed {
 		else return static_uniq_cast(std::move(from));
 	}
 
+#if 0
+//TODO: Cannot be implemented with this method
+	constexpr bool is_boxed_value(auto const& value) noexcept {
+		return bool(dynamic_cast<ObjectBase const*>(std::addressof(value)));
+	}
+	template<typename T>
+	constexpr bool is_boxed_type() noexcept {
+		using type = std::remove_reference_t<T>;
+		constexpr type const* VALUE = nullptr;
+		return bool(dynamic_cast<ObjectBase const*>(VALUE));
+	}
+
+// We need either: Tagged pointers (XOR, bit-mangled, manual heap, or GOT (external allocation) kind), \
+	or (preferred): layout of Box<T> to be `{ aligned<T>(T, box_type_tag) } unique*` \
+		box_type_tag should be: One pointer width, starting at offset *T+1 (aligned to T within internal tuple struct), provides a way to access RTTI for `*T`, a pointer to static (non-allocated) type information or dynamic_cast used lambda would be ideal.
+#endif
+
 	template<typename T>
-	struct alignas(std::unique_ptr<T>) Box {
+	struct Box final {
 		typedef boxable_value_type<T>::type type;
 
 		template<std::derived_from<T> U, bool RuntimeCheck=false>
@@ -220,24 +150,15 @@ namespace exopt::types { namespace boxed {
 		}
 
 		[[gnu::nonnull(1)]]
-		constexpr static Box<T> from_raw_ptr(T* ptr) noexcept(!_EO(DEBUG)) {
-#if DEBUG
-			ptr::throw_if_null(ptr);
-#endif
+		constexpr static Box<T> from_raw_ptr(T* ptr) noexcept {
 			return Box<T>{ std::unique_ptr<T>{ ptr } };
 		}
-
-		constexpr static Box<T> from_raw_ptr(std::unique_ptr<T>&& uniq) {
-			if(__builtin_expect(!bool(uniq), false)) ptr::throw_null_exception<T>();
-			_EO_ASSUME(uniq.get() != nullptr);
-			return Box<T> { std::move(uniq) };
-		}
-
-		constexpr static Box<T> from_raw_ptr_unchecked(std::unique_ptr<T>&& uniq) noexcept(!_EO(DEBUG)) {
+		constexpr static Box<T> from_raw_ptr(std::unique_ptr<T>&& uniq) 
 #if DEBUG
-			if(__builtin_expect(!uniq, false)) ptr::throw_null_exception<T>(); 
+			{ if(__builtin_expect(!uniq, false)) throw ptr::NullException{};
 #else
 
+			noexcept {
 			_EO_ASSUME(uniq.get() != nullptr);
 #endif
 			return Box<T>{ std::move(uniq) };
@@ -252,63 +173,40 @@ namespace exopt::types { namespace boxed {
 	//TODO: Accessors, `(explicit?) operator std::unique_ptr<T> const&[&]`?, etc.
 
 		constexpr ~Box() = default;
-	protected:
-		// For types that may need to invalidate the Box<T> guarantee without exposing it in API, they can inherit (non-virtual). 
-
-		// For unsafe operations, wether or not to apply checks.
-		enum unsafe_t {
-			UNSAFE,
-		};
-		enum maybe_unsafe_t {
-			CHECKED,
-			DEBUG_CHECKED,
-		};
-
-		constexpr Box(util::exact_type<unsafe_t> auto u, std::unique_ptr<T>&& ptr) noexcept 
-			: m_ptr(std::move(ptr)) { (void)u; }
-
-		constexpr static Box<T> from_raw_ptr(unsafe_t u, std::unique_ptr<T>&& uniq) noexcept {
-			return Box{u, std::move(uniq)};
-		}
-
-		constexpr std::unique_ptr<T>& as_unique(unsafe_t) & noexcept { return m_ptr; }
-		constexpr std::unique_ptr<T> const & as_unique(unsafe_t) const& noexcept { return m_ptr; }
-
-		constexpr std::unique_ptr<T>&& as_unique(unsafe_t) && noexcept { return std::move(m_ptr); }
-		constexpr std::unique_ptr<T> const&& as_unique(unsafe_t) const&& noexcept { return std::move(m_ptr); }
-
-		constexpr T* as_unsafe_ptr(unsafe_t) const noexcept { return m_ptr.get(); }
-		constexpr std::unique_ptr<T> swap_unsafe_ptr(unsafe_t u, T* raw) noexcept 
-		{ return (void)u; std::exchange(std::move(m_ptr), std::unique_ptr<T>{ raw }); }
-		constexpr void set_unsafe_ptr(unsafe_t 8, T* raw) noexcept { 
-			(void)u;
-			m_ptr.reset(raw);
-		}
-		constexpr decltype(auto) set_unsafe(unsafe_t u, std::unique_ptr<T>&& ptr) noexcept 
-		{ (void)u; return std::exchange(std::move(m_ptr), std::move(ptr)); }
-		constexpr auto& swap_unsafe(unsafe_t, std::unique_ptr<T>& ptr) noexcept { 
-			using std::swap;
-			swap(m_ptr, ptr);
-			return m_ptr;
-		}
-
-		constexpr T* release_unsafe(unsafe_t) noexcept { return m_ptr.release(); }
 	private:
-		constexpr explicit Box(std::unique_ptr<T>&& ptr) noexcept
+		constexpr explicit Box(std::unique_ptr<T>&& ptr)
 			: m_ptr(std::move(ptr)) {
 			_EO_ASSUME(m_ptr.get());
 		}
 
+#if 0
+// TODO: Identifying if a value `this` pointer is boxed
+		struct alignas(type) inner_layout {
+			constexpr inner_layout() noexcept = default;
+			constexpr inner_layout(const inner_layout&) noexcept = default;
+			constexpr ~inner_layout() noexcept = default;
+
+			type value;
+			box_type_tag identifier{box_tag_of<T>()};
+		};
+#endif
 		std::unique_ptr<T> m_ptr; // Unique<T> m_ptr;
 	};
-	static_assert(util::shares_layout<Box<_Complex double>, _Complex double*>, "Invalid Box<T> memory layout: More than just T*");
-	static_assert(util::shares_layout<Box<_Complex double>, std::unique_ptr<_Complex double>>, "Invalid Box<T> memory layout: More than just std::unique_ptr<T>");
 
+#define _EO_ADD_RV std::add_rvalue_reference_v
+
+	template<typename Base, typename T = Base>
+	constexpr inline bool is_boxable_v = binary_convertible<_EO_ADD_RV<T>, _EO_ADD_RV<Base> > and requires(T&& value) { 
+		typename Box<Base>;
+		typename Box<Base>::type;
+		{ std::make_unique<T>(std::move(value)) } -> std::same_as<std::unique_ptr<T>>;
+	};
 	template<typename T> concept is_boxable = is_boxable_v<T>;
 
 	template<typename T>
 	constexpr inline bool is_nothrow_boxable_v = is_boxable_v<T> && std::is_nothrow_constructible_v<Box<T>, T>;
 
+#undef _EO_ADD_RV
 
 	template<typename T, typename U> requires(requires(T&& o) { static_cast<U&&>(o); })
 	constexpr Box<U> static_box_cast(Box<T>&& b) noexcept { return Box<U>::from_raw_ptr(static_cast<U*>(b.release())); }
@@ -322,12 +220,7 @@ namespace exopt::types { namespace boxed {
 			delete rel;
 			throw;
 		}
-	} 
-
-	template<typename T, typename U> requires(requires(T const& o) { static_cast<U const&>(o); })
-	constexpr Box<U> dynamic_box_cast(Box<T> const& b) {
-		return Box<U>::from_raw_ptr(std::addressof(dynamic_cast<U const&>(*b)));
-	} 
+	} //TODO: Overload for `const&` that does the type check *before* the copy allocation.
 
 #if 0
 	template<typename T, typename R /*XXX: Maybe remove this, and put the requires after the definition, using `auto&& value` instead of `R&& value`*/> requires(std::derived_from<R, T>)
@@ -370,8 +263,6 @@ namespace exopt::types { namespace boxed {
 using boxed::Box;
 }
 
-//TODO: See phone notes on correctly implementing the nullopt for Box<T>
-#if 0
 namespace exopt::types { namespace optional [[gnu::visibility("internal")]] {
 	template<typename T>
 	struct null_optimise<boxed::Box<T> > { constexpr static inline bool value = true;
@@ -386,4 +277,3 @@ namespace exopt::types { namespace optional [[gnu::visibility("internal")]] {
 
 
 }
-#endif

include/error.hh

@@ -11,13 +11,24 @@
 #include "util.hh"
 
 
+#define _EO_DEFEXCEPT_BASIC_(NAME, BASE, ...) class NAME : public ::exopt:: BASE { \
+		constexpr static inline auto MESSSAGE = (__VA_ARGS__); \
+		public: \
+		_EO_CLASS_DEFINE(NAME, constexpr, noexcept, virtual, =default); \
+		constexpr virtual std::string_view message() const noexcept override { return { MESSAGE }; } \
+	}
+#define _EO_DEFEXCEPT_BASIC(NAME, MSG) _EO_DEFEXCEPT_BASIC_(NAME, Error, MSG)
+#define _EO_DEFEXCEPT_TRACE_BASIC(NAME, MSG) _EO_DEFEXCEPT_BASIC_(NAME, TracedError, MSG)
+
 namespace exopt {
+
 	// Report generated from an error. (virtual base, not abstract.)
 	class Report {
 	public:
 		virtual ~Report();
 	};
-	// This is propagated returned (base, abstract)
+
+	// This is base thrown (base, abstract)
 	class Error {
 	public:
 		constexpr Error(Error const&) = default;
@@ -25,6 +36,9 @@ namespace exopt {
 		constexpr Error& operator=(Error &&) = default;
 		constexpr Error& operator=(Error const&) = default;
 
+		virtual types::Box<TracedError> into_traced(std::stacktrace trace&&) &&noexcept;// = std::stacktrace::current()) && noexcept;
+		inline typed::Box<TracedError> into_traced(std::stacktrace trace = std::stacktrace::current()) && noexcept
+		{ return std::move(*this).into_traced(std::move(trace)); }
 
 		constexpr virtual std::source_location const& location() const noexcept { return m_location; }
 
@@ -32,8 +46,9 @@ namespace exopt {
 
 		constexpr virtual std::string_view message() const noexcept =0;
 
-		constexpr virtual types::Option<Error&> inner() noexcept { return { std::nullopt }; } 
-		constexpr virtual types::MaybeOwned<Report> into_report() noexcept { /* TODO */ } //TODO: Maybe just use `std::optional<std::reference_wrapper<Error>>`? Or Box<Report&>?
+		//constexpr virtual types::Option<Error&> inner() noexcept { return { std::nullopt }; }
+		constexpr virtual types::Option<Error const&> inner() const noexcept { return { std::nullopt }; }
+		constexpr virtual types::MaybeOwned<Report> into_report() & noexcept { /* TODO */ } //TODO: Maybe just use `std::optional<std::reference_wrapper<Error>>`? Or Box<Report&>?
 		constexpr virtual types::MaybeOwned<Report> into_report() && noexcept { /* TODO: auto{*this}.into_report() */ }
 
 		constexpr virtual ~Error() = default;
@@ -47,7 +62,7 @@ namespace exopt {
 	};
 
 	// This is propagated returned, along with a stack trace. (base, abstract)
-	class TracedError : Error {
+	class TracedError : public Error {
 	public:
 		TracedError(TracedError const &) = default;
 		TracedError(TracedError &&) = default;
@@ -62,13 +77,27 @@ namespace exopt {
 				std::source_location loc = std::source_location::current()
 				, std::stacktrace trace = std::stacktrace::current()) noexcept
 			: Error(std::move(loc)), m_trace(std::move(trace)) {}
+		/*inline TracedError(
+					std::stacktrace&& trace,
+					, std::source_location loc = std::source_location::current()) noexcept
+			: Error(std::move(loc)), m_trace(std::move(trace)) {}*/
+		inline TracedError(
+					std::stacktrace&& trace,
+					, std::source_location&& loc) noexcept
+			: Error(std::move(loc)), m_trace(std::move(trace)) {}
+
 	private:
+		inline types::Box<TracedError> into_traced(std::stacktrace trace&&) &&noexcept override final// = std::stacktrace::current()) && noexcept;
+		{ return typed::Box<TracedError> { std::move(*this) }; } //TODO: use `boxed::is_boxed_value()` to check if *this is boxed... Uhh, actually... XXX: No that doesn't work, since `Box<T>` doesn't make `T` visible to `boxed::ObjectBase`.... Eh...
+		inline typed::Box<TracedError> into_traced(std::stacktrace trace = std::stacktrace::current()) && noexcept override final
+		{ return typed::Box<TracedError> { std::move(*this) }; } 
 		std::stacktrace m_trace; //TODO: Maybe box this? idk how big it is...
 	};
-
+#if 0
 	// This is thrown. (virtual base, abstract)
 	class Panic : /*virtual?? I think it should be XXX*/ Error {
 		//TODO: How to make a `constexpr` deduced panic that has stack-trace at runtime only? Is it needed? Hnm...
 	};
 	//TODO: Fatal(string) : public virtual Panic
+#endif
 }

include/exopt.h

@@ -22,36 +22,49 @@ extern "C" {
 #define _exopt__internal __attribute__((visibility("internal")))
 #define _exopt__readonly __attribute__((__pure__))
 #define _exopt__pure __attribute__((__const__))
-#ifdef DEBUG
-#	define _exopt__DEBUG 1
-#else
-#	define _exopt__DEBUG 0
-#endif
-#ifdef RELEASE
-#	define _exopt__RELEASE 1
-#else
-#	define _exopt__RELEASE 0
-#endif
 
 #ifdef _EO__OPT_OLD_ASSUME
 #	define _EO_ASSUME(X) ({ if(! (X)) __builtin_unreachable(); })
 #endif
 
-#define _EO_FIXED_INT(B) _BitInt(B)
-
-#define _EO_GNU_ATTR(...) __attribute__((__VA_ARGS__))
+#define _EO_NOTHING
 
 #if _EO(cpp)
-#	define _EO_ATTR(...) [[__VA_ARGS__]]
-#	define _EO_SHARES_LAYOUT(T, U) (sizeof(T) == sizeof(U) && alignof(T) == alignof(U))
 #	ifndef _EO_ASSUME
 #		define _EO_ASSUME(X) [[gnu::assume(X)]]
 #	endif
 #	define _exopt__restrict __restrict__
-#else /* C */
-#	define _EO_ATTR(...) __attribute__((__VA_ARGS__))
-#	define _EO_SHARES_LAYOUT(T, U) (sizeof(T) == sizeof(U) && alignof(T) == alignof(U))
-#	define _EO_SHARES_LAYOUT(T, U) (sizeof(T) == sizeof(U) && _Alignof(T) == _Alignof(U))
+#define _EO_CTORS_BASIC_W(N, constexpr, noexcept, ...) \
+		constexpr N(N const&) noexcept __VA_ARGS__; \
+		constexpr N(N &&) noexcept __VA_ARGS__; \
+		constexpr N & operator=(N const&) noexcept __VA_ARGS__; \
+		constexpr N & operator=(N &&) noexcept __VA_ARGS__
+#define _EO_CTORS_BASIC(...) _EO_CTORS_BASIC_W(__VA_ARGS__, _EO_NOTHING, _EO_NOTHING, _EO_NOTHING)
+#define _EO_CTORS_BASIC_DEFAULT(...) _EO_CTORS_BASIC(__VA_ARGS__, _EO_NOTHING, _EO_NOTHING, = default)
+
+#define _EO_CTORS_DEFAULT_BASIC_W(N, constexpr, noexcept, ...) \
+		constexpr N(N const&) noexcept = default; \
+		constexpr N(N &&) noexcept = default; \
+		constexpr N & operator=(N const&) noexcept = default; \
+		constexpr N & operator=(N &&) noexcept = default
+
+#define _EO_CTORS_DEFAULT_BASIC(N) _EO_CTORS_DEFAULT_BASIC_W(N, constexpr, _EO_NOTHING, _EO_NOTHING)
+#define _EO_CTORS_DEFAULT_BASIC_RT(N) _EO_CTORS_DEFAULT_BASIC_W(N, _EO_NOTHING, _EO_NOTHING, _EO_NOTHING)
+#define _EO_CTORS_DEFAULT_BASIC_NE_W(N, C) _EO_CTORS_DEFAULT_BASIC_W(N, C, noexcept, _EO_NOTHING)
+#define _EO_CTORS_DEFAULT_BASIC_NE(N) _EO_CTORS_DEFAULT_BASIC_W(N, constexpr, noexcept, _EO_NOTHING)
+#define _EO_CTORS_DEFAULT_BASIC_NE_RT(N) _EO_CTORS_DEFAULT_BASIC_W(N, _EO_NOTHING, noexcept, _EO_NOTHING)
+
+#define _EO_CLASS_DEFAULT_(N, ...) N
+#define _EO_CLASS_DEFAULT_2(_, N, ...) N
+#define _EO_CLASS_DEFAULT_3(_, __, N, ...) N
+#define _EO_CLASS_DEFAULT_4(_, __, ___, N, ...) N
+#define _EO_CLASS_DEFAULT_3REST(_, __, ___, ...) __VA_ARGS__
+#define _EO_CLASS_DEFAULT_4REST(_, __, ___, ____, ...) __VA_ARGS__
+// _EO_CLASS_DEFINE(NAME, [constexpr], [noexcept], [virtual], [=default])
+#define _EO_CLASS_DEFINE(...) _EO_CTORS_BASIC(__VA_ARGS__); \
+				_EO_CLASS_DEFAULT_4(__VA_ARGS__, _EO_NOTHING, _EO_NOTHING, _EO_NOTHING, _EO_NOTHING, _EO_NOTHING) _EO_CLASS_DEFAULT_2(__VA_ARGS__, _EO_NOTHING, _EO_NOTHING) ~ _EO_CLASS_DEFAULT_(__VA_ARGS__, _EO_NOTHING)() _EO_CLASS_DEFAULT_3(__VA_ARGS__, _EO_NOTHING, _EO_NOTHING, _EO_NOTHING)  _EO_CLASS_DEFAULT_4REST(__VA_ARGS__, _EO_NOTHING, _EO_NOTHING, _EO_NOTHING, _EO_NOTHING, _EO_NOTHING)
+
+#else
 #	ifndef _EO_ASSUME
 #		define _EO_ASSUME(X) __attribute__((assume(X)))
 #	endif

include/optional.h

@@ -29,7 +29,9 @@ namespace exopt::types { namespace optional [[gnu::visibility("internal")]] {
 		constexpr static decltype(auto) convert_from_held(std::add_rvalue_reference_t<held_type> t) noexcept { return std::ref<T>(*t); }
 
 		constexpr static inline auto sentinel = nullptr;
-	};	
+	};
+
+
 
 	template<typename T>
 	struct null_optimise<ptr::Unique<T> > { constexpr static inline bool value = true;
@@ -218,6 +220,11 @@ namespace exopt::types { namespace optional [[gnu::visibility("internal")]] {
 		template<typename T>
 		using mut_ref_t = typename mut_ref_or_void<T>::type;
 
+		template<typename T>
+		using remove_ref_keep_const_t = std::conditional_t,
+								<std::is_const_v<std::remove_reference_v<T> >
+								,const std::remove_cvref_t<T>
+								, std::remove_cvref_t<T> >;
 
 		template<typename T> requires(requires(T v) { { v == nullptr } -> std::convertible_to<bool>; })
 		[[gnu::always_inline]]
@@ -266,7 +273,27 @@ namespace exopt::types { namespace optional [[gnu::visibility("internal")]] {
 
 	
 	template<AsOption T>
-	struct Option final {
+	class Option final {
+		using value_type_correct = _details::remove_ref_keep_const_t<T>;// std::remove_cvref_t<T>;
+		constexpr static inline bool is_const_v = std::is_const_v<value_type_correct>; 
+		template<typename U, typename V = const std::remove_const_t<U> >
+		using correct_const_t = std::conditional_t<is_const_v, V, U>;
+
+	public:
+		[[gnu::const]]
+		constexpr bool is_mutable() const noexcept { return !is_const_v; }
+
+		using value_type = std::remove_const_t<value_type_correct>;
+
+		using pointer_type = correct_const_t<value_type*, value_type const*>;
+		using const_pointer_type = value_type const*;
+
+		using reference_type = correct_const_t<value_type*, value_type const&>;
+		using const_reference_type = value_type const&;
+
+		using move_reference_type = std::add_rvalue_reference_t<value_type_correct>;
+		using const_move_reference_type = value_type const&&;
+
 		struct UnwrapError : public OptionUnwrapError
 		{
 			UnwrapError() noexcept =default;
@@ -285,7 +312,9 @@ namespace exopt::types { namespace optional [[gnu::visibility("internal")]] {
 		}
 
 		constexpr Option(std::optional<T>&& opt) noexcept requires(!std::is_void_v<T>)
-			: inner_( bool(opt) ? std::move(*opt) : nullptr ) {}
+			: Option(nullptr) {
+			if(opt) inner_ = decltype(inner_)(std::move(*opt));
+		}
 
 		constexpr explicit Option(std::nullptr_t) noexcept : inner_(nullptr) {}
 		constexpr Option(none_t) noexcept : Option(nullptr) {}
@@ -298,9 +327,28 @@ namespace exopt::types { namespace optional [[gnu::visibility("internal")]] {
 			: inner_(std::move(move.inner_))
 		{}
 
-		constexpr explicit(std::convertible_to<std::add_rvalue_reference_t<T>, Option<T>>) Option(_details::rv_ref_t<T> value) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_invocable_v<convert_to_held_rv, std::add_rvalue_reference_t<T>>) requires(!std::is_void_v<T>)
+		constexpr explicit(std::convertible_to<std::add_rvalue_reference_t<T>, Option<T>>)
+				Option(_details::rv_ref_t<T> value) 
+				noexcept(std::is_nothrow_invocable_v<convert_to_held_rv, std::add_rvalue_reference_t<T>>) 
+				requires(!std::is_void_v<T>)
 			: inner_(convert_to_held_rv(std::forward<decltype(value)>(value)))
 		{}
+		constexpr explicit Option(pointer_type const&& ptr) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<decltype(*ptr)>) requires(!std::is_void_v<T>)
+			Option(nullptr) {
+			if(ptr) inner_ = decltype(inner_)(convert_to_held_rv(std::move(*ptr)));
+		}
+		constexpr explicit Option(const_pointer_type ptr) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<decltype(*ptr)>) requires(!std::is_void_v<T>)
+			: Option(nullptr) {
+			if(ptr) inner_ = decltype(inner_)(convert_to_held_rv(auto(*ptr)));
+		}
+
+		template<typename P> requires(!std::is_void_v<T> && (std::is_same_v<std::remove_cvref_t<P>, pointer_type> 
+					or std::is_same_v<std::remove_cvref_t<P>, const_pointer_type>))
+		constexpr Option<T> from_pointer(P ptr) noexcept
+		{ if constexpr(std::is_const_v<decltype(*ptr)> or !std::is_rvalue_reference_v<P>)
+			return Option<T> { static_cast<const_pointer_type>(ptr) }; 	
+		  else  return Option<T> { std::move(static_cast<pointer_type>(ptr)) }; }
+			//: inner_(ptr ? convert_to_held_rv(*ptr) : nullptr) {}
 
 		//TODO: copy/move assign where appropriate
 		constexpr Option& operator=(const Option& copy) noexcept(std::is_void_v<T> || std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<decltype(copy.inner_)::held_type>)

include/pointer.h

@@ -5,11 +5,6 @@
 #include <concepts>
 #include <bit>
 #include <stdexcept>
-#include <tuple>
-
-#include "util.hh"
-
-#define _EO_DETAILS namespace details [[gnu::visibility("internal")]]
 
 namespace exopt::ptr {	
 	template<typename T>
@@ -29,13 +24,6 @@ namespace exopt::ptr {
 	template<typename T>
 	using AliasedRef = T __attribute__((__may_alias__))&;
 
-	using opaque_t = void;
-	using address_t = uintptr_t;
-
-	constexpr inline size_t address_bits_v = sizeof(address_t) * 8;
-
-	static_assert(sizeof(RawPtr<opaque_t>) == sizeof(address_t), "Bad address_t width");
-
 	template<typename T, size_t Size>
 	concept IsSize = sizeof(T) == Size;
 
@@ -104,33 +92,6 @@ namespace exopt::ptr {
 		return std::forward<decltype(ptr)>(ptr);
 	}
 
-	template<typename E, typename... Args> requires(std::is_constructible_v<E, Args...>)
-	constexpr decltype(auto) throw_if_null(PointerEqCmp auto const& ptr, Args&&... error) {
-		auto _throw = [&] [[noreturn, gnu::noinline, gnu::cold]] () {
-			throw E{std::forward<Args>(error)...};
-		};
-		if(ptr == nullptr) _throw();
-		return std::forward<decltype(ptr)>(ptr);
-	}
-
-	
-	[[gnu::always_inline]]
-	constexpr decltype(auto) throw_if_null(PointerEqCmp auto const& ptr) {
-		if(__builtin_expect(ptr == nullptr, false)) throw_null_exception<decltype(ptr)>();
-		return std::forward<decltype(ptr)>(ptr);
-	}
-
-	// Throws NullDerefException<?> for first type of `ptr` that is null (if any are).
-	// If: `All == true`:  Instead will always throw `NullDerefException<T...> (all types) if any are, and will not assume every pointer is likely to be non-null.
-	template<bool All = false>
-	[[gnu::always_inline]]
-	constexpr void throw_if_null(PointerEqCmp auto const&... ptr) requires(sizeof...(decltype(ptr)) > 1) {
-		if constexpr(All) {
-			using E = NullDerefException<decltype(ptr)...>;
-			((void)throw_if_null<E>(std::forward<decltype(ptr)>(ptr)),...);
-		} else ((void)throw_if_null(std::forward<decltype(ptr)>(ptr)),...);
-	}
-
 	template<typename E, typename... Args> requires(std::is_constructible_v<E, Args...>)
 	constexpr decltype(auto) deref_or_throw(PointerDeref auto&& ptr, Args&&... error)
 	{
@@ -170,60 +131,17 @@ namespace exopt::ptr {
 		return *new T(std::forward<Args>(ctor)...);
 	}
 
-	template<typename... Types>
-	struct NullDerefException : public NullDerefException<> {
-		using types = std::tuple<Types...>;	
-		using NullDerefException<>::NullDerefException;
+	struct NullException /*TODO : public error::Error*/ {
+		constexpr NullException() noexcept = default;
+		constexpr NullException(const NullException&) noexcept = default;
+		constexpr NullException& operator=(const NullException&) noexcept = default;
+		constexpr virtual ~NullException() noexcept {}
 
-		constexpr std::string_view message() const noexcept override { 
-/*			constexpr auto value = util::concat_strings("pointer was null for types ", util::type_name<Types>()...);
-			return value;*/
-			return util::concat_str_v< std::string_view{"pointer was null for types "}, util::type_name<Types>()... >;
-		}
-		constexpr virtual ~NullDerefException() noexcept {}
-	};
- 
-	template<>
-	struct NullDerefException<> /*TODO : public error::Error*/ {
-		constexpr NullDerefException() noexcept = default;
-		constexpr NullDerefException(const NullException&) noexcept = default;
-		constexpr NullDerefException& operator=(const NullException&) noexcept = default;
-		constexpr virtual ~NullDerefException() noexcept {}
-
-		constexpr virtual std::string_view message() const noexcept /*override*/ { return "pointer was null"; }
+		constexpr std::string_view message() const noexcept /*override*/ { return "pointer was null"; }
 
 		std::runtime_error as_runtime() &&noexcept; /*TODO: override*/ 
 	};
 
-	using NullException = NullDerefException<>;
-
-	template<typename T>
-	struct NullDerefException<T> : public NullDerefException<> {
-		using type = T;
-		using NullDerefException<>::NullDerefException;
-
-		constexpr std::string_view message() const noexcept override { 
-			return util::concat_str_v< std::string_view{"pointer was null for type "}, util::type_name<type>() >;
-		}
-		constexpr virtual ~NullDerefException() noexcept {}
-	};
-	
-	template<typename... Types>
-	consteval auto/*&&*/ null_exception() noexcept { 
-		/*NullException&& value = NullDerefException<Types...>{};
-		return std::move(value); <- this isn't actually what we want I'm pretty sure...*/
-		return NullDerefException<Types...>{};
-	}
-
-	consteval NullException/*&&*/ null_exception() noexcept { return {}; }
-
-	template<typename... Types>
-	[[noreturn, gnu::noinline, gnu::cold]]
-	constexpr void throw_null_exception() { throw null_exception<Types...>(); }
-
-	[[noreturn, gnu::noinline, gnu::cold]]
-	constexpr void throw_null_exception() { throw null_exception(); }
-
 	template<typename T> requires(!std::is_reference_v<T>)
 	struct NonNull {
 
@@ -412,20 +330,4 @@ namespace exopt::ptr {
 	}
 	static_assert(uniq_check(), "Invalid Unique<>.get()");
 #endif
-	_EO_DETAILS {
-		[[gnu::const]]
-		address_t hash(const opaque_t*) noexcept;
-	}
-
-
-	/// Hash a pointer and retrieve a scrambled, unique value representing that memory address.
-	[[gnu::const]]
-	constexpr address_t hash(const opaque_t* ptr) noexcept {
-		if consteval {
-			throw "TODO: How to hash pointer in constexpr context?";
-		} else {
-			return details::hash(ptr);
-		}
-	}
 }
-#undef _EO_DETAILS

include/util.hh

@@ -68,12 +68,6 @@ namespace exopt { namespace util [[gnu::visibility("internal")]] {
 	static_assert(_EO_CONSTANT_VALUE(std::string_view{"hello world"}) == std::string_view{"hello world"}, "Bad CONSTANT_VALUE()");
 
 
-	template<typename T, typename U>
-	concept shares_layout = sizeof(T) == sizeof(U) && alignof(T) == alignof(U);
-
-	template<typename T, typename U>
-	concept exact_type = std::is_same_v<T, U>;
-
 	template<typename T, size_t N, typename Array= std::array<T, N>, typename _I = std::make_index_sequence<N>>
 	constexpr auto array_literal(const T (&a)[N]) noexcept 
 		-> Array
@@ -95,201 +89,6 @@ namespace exopt { namespace util [[gnu::visibility("internal")]] {
 		return _array_create(std::move(a), _I{});
 	}
 
-	template<size_t N, typename A = std::array<char, N>, size_t... Idx>
-	constexpr A substring_literal_as(const auto& str, std::index_sequence<Idx...>) noexcept
-		requires(requires(size_t n) { 
-			{ str[n] } noexcept -> std::convertible_to<char>;
-		})
-	{
-		return { str[Idx]..., '\n' };
-	}
-	template<size_t... Idx>
-	constexpr auto substring_literal(const auto& str, std::index_sequence<Idx...>) noexcept
-		requires(std::is_invocable_v<substring_literal_as<sizeof...(Idx), std::array<char, sizeof...(Idx)>, Idx...>, decltype(str), std::index_sequence<Idx...>>)
-	{ return std::array{ str[Idx]..., '\n' }; }
-
-	template<typename T>
-	constexpr auto type_name_literal() noexcept 
-	{
-		constexpr std::string_view prefix	{
-#if defined(__clang__)
-			"[T = "
-#elif defined(__GNUC__)
-			"with T = "
-#else
-// Fuck MSVC, don't care.
-#error Unsupported compiler
-#endif
-		};
-		constexpr std::string_view suffix	{"]"};
-		constexpr std::string_view function	{__PRETTY_FUNCTION__};
-
-		constexpr auto start = function.find(prefix) + prefix.size();
-		constexpr auto end = function.rfind(suffix);
-
-		static_assert(start < end);
-
-		constexpr std::string_view name = function.substr(start, (end - start));
-		return substring_literal(name, std::make_index_sequence<name.size()>{});
-	}
-
-	template<typename T>
-	struct [[gnu::visibility("internal")]] type_name_of {
-		constexpr static inline auto value = type_name_literal<T>();
-
-		[[gnu::const]]
-		consteval operator std::string_view() const noexcept {
-			constexpr auto& v = value;
-			return std::string_view { v.data(), v.size() };
-		}
-	};
-
-	template<typename T>
-	constexpr auto type_name() noexcept -> std::string_view
-	{
-		constexpr auto& value = type_name_of<T>::value;
-		return std::string_view { value.data(), value.size() };
-	}
-
-	template<typename T>
-	constexpr inline auto type_name_v = type_name<T>();
-
-	template<typename S = std::string_view, S const&... Strs>
-	class [[gnu::visibility("internal")]] concat_str {
-		consteval static auto impl() noexcept
-		{
-			constexpr size_t len = (Strs.size() + ... + 0);
-			std::array<char, len+1> arr{};
-			auto append = [i=0, &arr](auto const& s) mutable {
-				for(auto c : s) arr[i++] = c;
-			};
-			(append(Strs), ...);
-			arr[len] = 0;
-			return arr;
-		}
-	public:
-		constexpr static inline auto literal = impl();
-		constexpr static inline S value { literal.data(), literal.size()-1 };
-	};
-
-	template<std::string_view const&... Ss>
-	constexpr static inline auto concat_str_v = concat_str<std::string_view, Ss...>::value;
-
-	template<typename S = std::string_view>
-	consteval S concat_strings(std::convertible_to<S> auto const&... strings) noexcept
-	{ 
-		return concat_str<S, S{strings}...>::value;
-	}
-
-	static_assert(concat_str_v< std::string_view{"hello"}, std::string_view{" "}, std::string_view{"view"} >
-			== std::string_view{"hello view"}, "concat_str_v<>: Concatenated string_view failed");
-
-	template<template<typename> P, typename... Values>
-	struct _EO(internal) is_all_match {
-		constexpr static inline auto value = (P<Values> && true && ...);
-
-		consteval operator auto() const noexcept { return value; }
-	};
-
-	template<template<typename> P, typename... Values>
-	struct _EO(internal) is_any_match {
-		constexpr static inline auto value = (P<Values> || false || ...);
-
-		consteval operator auto() const noexcept { return value; }
-	};
-
-	//XXX: Idk if template<template<s are allowed in this context...
-	template<template<typename> P, typename... Values> requires(requires{ typename is_all_match<P, Values>; })
-	constexpr inline auto is_all_match_v = is_all_match<P, Values...>::value;
-
-	template<template<typename> P, typename... Values> requires(requires{ typename is_any_match<P, Values>; })
-	constexpr inline auto is_any_match_v = is_any_match<P, Values...>::value;
-
-	template<auto... Values>
-	struct _EO(internal) is_all {
-		constexpr static inline auto value = (Values && true && ...);
-	};
-
-	template<auto... Values>
-	struct _EO(internal) is_any {
-		constexpr static inline auto value = (Values || false || ...);
-	};
-
-	template<auto... Values>
-	constexpr inline auto is_all_v = is_all<Values...>::value;
-	template<auto... Values>
-	constexpr inline auto is_any_v = is_any<Values...>::value;
-
-	template<typename... Args>
-	constexpr inline bool is_empty_v = sizeof...(Args) == 0;
-
-	template<auto... Values> // auto and typename aren't compatible unfortunately
-	constexpr inline bool is_empty_vv = sizeof...(Values) == 0;
-
-	// Convenience immediate function overloads for checking if a parameter pack *or* a value pack is empty without different names.
-	template<typename... A>
-	consteval bool is_empty_pack() noexcept { return sizeof...(A) == 0; }
-
-	template<auto... A>
-	consteval bool is_empty_pack() noexcept { return sizeof...(A) == 0; }
-
-	///  Deducable version of `is_empty_pack<typename...>()`
-	///
-	/// Can be used as `is_empty_pack(pack...)` instead of the slightly more ugly `is_empty_pack<decltype(pack)...>()` though with (very unlikely, but possible) implications of actually "evaluating" the pack (despite the values themselves are `const&` and never used, they're still passed.) 
-	/// HOWEVER: The latter should likely be preferred, since this function takes possible-nonconstexpr types as arguments, it cannot be immediate like the non-argument taking overload. See below comment for more information on that.
-	template<typename... A>
-	[[gnu::const]] //TODO: XXX: This mostly useless function won't mess up overload resolution for `is_empty_pack<types...>()`, right? If it will, either find a way to make sure it comes LAST, or remove it, it's not worth the hassle just so users (i.e. me) can avoid typeing `decltype` for once in my fuckin life... what a stupud keyword name srsl (see static_assert() below.)
-	constexpr auto is_empty_pack(A const&...) noexcept { return is_empty_pack<A...>(); } // This overload exists for: e.g usage for index_sequence: \
-		`template<size_t N> f(const auto (&v)[N]) -> \
-		template<size_t Is...> _f(auto const& v, std::index_sequence<Is...>);`\
-		Can be used like: \
-		_f(const auto&v, std::convertible_to<size_t> auto&&... is) \
-			{ if constexpr(is_empty_pack(is...)) { ... } ... }` \
-		i.e: for unknown-typed non-type parameter packs `auto...`s packs can be `forward<decltype(pack)>(pack)...`'d (or just passed, as the taken value is always `const&`) to is_empty_pack(...) and `A...` can therefor be deduced. This is not possible for the non-value taking overloads, and also must be non-consteval since any `A` might not be constexpr. \
-\
-		It is a convenience function that is essentially equivelent to `is_empty_pack<decltype(pack)...>()`, which should be preferred, since it is consteval and will always be guaranteed to be consteval regardless of the contents of `pack` itself, but I highly doubt any compiler will actually generate any argument-passing code for this overload either.
-
-	static_assert(!is_empty_pack<int, long, float>() 
-		and is_empty_pack<>() //XXX: This might also be ambiguous between the type and value one... Eh.... That's actually useful though, so removing this explicit (and pointless) *usage* of the function from the test would be fine if they don't clash in other ways too.
-		and !is_empty_pack<0, 1, 2>()
-		and !is_empty_pack(0u, 1.0, 2l)
-		and is_empty_pack(), "`is_empty_pack()` overload issues.");
-
-	template<typename R, typename... Args>
-	constexpr auto map(auto const& fun, Args&&... values) noexcept(is_empty_v<Args...> or is_all_v<std::is_nothrow_invocable_v<decltype(fun), Args>...>)
-								requires(is_empty_v<Args...> or (is_all_v<std::is_invocable_v<decltype(fun), Args>...> and (
-			is_any_v<std::is_void_v<std::invoke_result_t<decltype(fun), Args>>...> ||
-			 std::is_constructible_v<R, std::invoke_result_t<decltype(fun), Args>...>)))
-		-> std::conditional_t< is_empty_v<Args...> || is_any_v<std::is_void_v<std::invoke_result_t<decltype(fun), Args>>...>
-					, std::void_t<std::invoke_result_t<decltype(fun), Args>...>
-					, R>
-	{
-		if constexpr( is_any_v<std::is_void_v<std::invoke_result_t<decltype(fun), Args>>...> ) {
-			((void)std::invoke(fun, values),...);
-		else if constexpr(sizeof...(Args) == 0)
-			(void)0;
-		} else return { std::invoke(fun, values)... };
-	}
-
-	//XXX: To allow this, we might have to turn `map` from a function into a function-object class... Eh. \
-		Or we can just let the user specify `R` by using std::tuple as the lvalue assigned from the call maybe? Or we might have to change it to a `template<template<typename... Results>, typename... Args>` function-object class; but that would break the `void` case.... Eeeehh, can we partial-specialise a template<template into a template<typename? I don't think we can on the surface without helper ''trait'' templates.... Eh......
-	template<typename... Args>
-	using map_tuple = map<std::tuple<Args...>, Args...>;
-
-	//TODO: template< is_valid_metafunction_with_two_unknown_type_arguments_and_a_possibly_variable_return_type<R(T1, T2)> Op, typename... Args> \
-		auto reduce(auto const& fun, Op const& comb, Args&&... values) noexcept(...) \
-		requires(???) -> std::invoke_result_t<??????> { // TODO: Reframe the call to `comb` as an operator overload in a shim class, and use binary fold to make the call, like: ` \
-		shim s{comb}; return (s + std::invoke(fun, values) + ...); }`
-
-
-
-	template<typename Fn, typename... Args> requires((std::is_invocable_v<Fn, Args> && ...))
-	constexpr void apply(const Fn& fun, Args&&... values) noexcept((std::is_nothrow_invocable_v<Fn, Args> && ...))
-		/*-> std::conditional_t<	(std::is_void_v<std::invoke_result_t<Fn, Args>> || ...)
-					, void
-					, std::common_type_t< std::invoke_result_t<Fn, Args>... > >*/
-	{ map<void, Args...>(fun, std::forward<Args>(values)...); }
-
 	struct [[gnu::visibility("internal")]]  CTInternalFatalError  {
 		constexpr CTInternalFatalError() noexcept = default;
 		constexpr CTInternalFatalError(CTInternalFatalError const&) noexcept = default;
@@ -303,33 +102,29 @@ namespace exopt { namespace util [[gnu::visibility("internal")]] {
 		consteval virtual std::string_view message() const noexcept =0;
 	};
 
-	/// Throw a string at runtime, as an `std::runtime_error`.
 	[[noreturn, gnu::noinline, gnu::cold]]
 	void throw_runtime(std::string_view&&);	
 
-	/// Throw a string at runtime, or halt compilation with a `CTInternalFatalError`
 	[[noreturn]]//, gnu::noinline, gnu::cold]]
 	constexpr void throw_runtime(std::convertible_to<std::string_view> auto&& msg) {
+		std::string_view view{msg};
 		if consteval {
-#define CTE CTInternalFatalError
-			using S = decltype(msg);
-			struct CTIFRuntimeError final : public CTE {
+			using CTE = CTInternalFatalError; 
+			struct CTIFRuntimeError : public CTE {
 				using CTE::CTE;
-				consteval CTIFRuntimeError(S&& view) noexcept
+				consteval CTIFRuntimeError(std::string_view&& view) noexcept
 					: CTE(), m_message(std::move(view)) {}
-				consteval std::string_view message() const noexcept override { return { m_message }; }
+				consteval std::string_view message() const noexcept override { return m_message; }
 				constexpr virtual ~CTIFRuntimeError() noexcept {}
 			private:
-				S m_message;
+				std::string_view m_message;
 			};
-#undef CTE
-			throw CTIFRuntimeError(std::move(msg));
+			throw CTIFRuntimeError(std::move(view));
 		} else {
-			static_cast<void (std::string_view&&)>(throw_runtime)({std::move(msg)}); //XXX: We may have to rename the above function (and make it [[internal]], or refactor to make it a private method of a function-object class `throw_runtime` to avoid ambiguations when constexpr-context calls it with the exact typed argument `std::string_view&&`... Maybe... I'm not really sure.
+			throw_runtime(std::move(view));
 		}
 		__builtin_unreachable();
 	}
-
 	// Returns an anonymous union with inavtive field: `T value` and active field `assume init` (no unique address).
 	template<typename T> requires(!std::is_reference_v<T>)
 	constexpr auto uninit() noexcept {

src/error.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+#include <error.hh>
+
+using namespace exopt::types;
+
+namespace exopt {
+	Box<TracedError> Error::into_traced(std::stacktrace&& trace) &&noexcept {
+		struct DynamicTracedError final : TracedError {
+			_EO_CTORS_BASIC_DEFAULT(DynamicTracedError, _EO_NOTHING, noexcept);
+			virtual ~DynamicTracedError() noexcept = default;
+
+			DynamicTracedError(Error&& self, std::stacktrace&& trace) noexcept
+				: TracedError(std::move(trace), std::move(self.m_location))
+				, m_error(std::move(self)) {}
+
+			std::string_view message() const noexcept override { return m_error->message(); }
+			Option<Error const&> inner() const noexcept override { return Option<Error const&>(*m_error); }//{ return Option<Error const&>::from_pointer(std::as_const(m_error.get())); }
+			MaybeOwned<Report> into_report() && noexcept override { return std::move(*m_error).into_report(); }
+			MaybeOwned<Report> into_report() & noexcept override { return m_error->into_report(); }
+
+			
+		private:
+			Box<Error> m_error;
+		};
+#define ERR		DynamicTracedError{std::move(*this), std::move(trace)}
+		return Box<TracedError>::template new_dynamic<DynamicTracedError, false>(ERR);
+#undef ERR
+	}
+}

src/ptr.cpp

@@ -4,17 +4,6 @@
 
 #include "pointer.h"
 
-
 namespace exopt::ptr {
-	static_assert(address_bits_v == sizeof(address_t) * CHAR_BIT, "Bad CHAR_BIT: Must be 8");
-
-	std::runtime_error NullDerefException<>::as_runtime() &&noexcept { return std::runtime_error{std::string{message()} }; }
-
-	namespace details [[gnu::visibility("internal")]] {
-		[[gnu::const]]
-		address_t hash(const opaque_t* ptr) noexcept {
-			static_assert((address_bits_v & (64 | 32)) == address_bits_v, "Cannot hash pointer with address that is not 64 or 32 bits wide");
-			//TODO: Find good pointer hashing algorithm, or use crc64 (if constexpr(address_bits_v == 64), else crc32.)
-		}
-	}
+	std::runtime_error NullException::as_runtime() &&noexcept { return std::runtime_error{std::string{message()} }; }
 }